ADHD. Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

What are the types of ADHD?

There are three types of ADHD:

Predominantly Inattentive Type ADHD (ADHD-PI)

Predominantly Inattentive Type ADHD is also known as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). This type of ADHD is characterized by symptoms of inattention, such as difficulty paying attention to details, being easily distracted, forgetfulness, and difficulty organizing tasks and activities. Children with ADHD-PI may appear forgetful or spacey, and may struggle with following instructions and completing tasks. They may also appear shy and withdrawn, and have difficulty making friends.

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type ADHD (ADHD-PHI)

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type ADHD is characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, such as fidgeting, restlessness, interrupting others, and impulsive decision-making. Children with ADHD-PHI may have trouble sitting still, constantly moving and running around, and may talk excessively. They may also have difficulty waiting their turn and may interrupt others during conversations or games.

Combined Type ADHD

The third type of ADHD is Combined Type ADHD, which is the most common type. It is characterized by symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Children with Combined Type ADHD may struggle with paying attention, following instructions, and completing tasks, while also exhibiting symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity. These children may have difficulty sitting still, be easily distracted, and may talk excessively. They may also be prone to impulsive decision-making and have trouble waiting their turn.

It is important to note that the symptoms of ADHD can vary greatly from person to person, and may present differently based on age, gender, and other individual factors. Additionally, the severity of symptoms can also vary greatly, with some individuals experiencing only mild symptoms, while others experience more severe impairment in daily functioning.

What are the causes for ADHD?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that can cause significant impairment in social, academic, and occupational functioning. While the exact causes of ADHD are not yet fully understood, research suggests that a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors may contribute to the development of the disorder.

Genetics

Research has shown that genetics play a significant role in the development of ADHD. Studies have found that ADHD tends to run in families, with children who have a parent or sibling with the disorder being more likely to develop it themselves. Additionally, specific genes have been identified as being associated with ADHD, particularly those related to the regulation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in attention and behavior.

Neurological Factors

Research suggests that abnormalities in brain structure and function may also contribute to the development of ADHD. Studies have found that individuals with ADHD tend to have smaller brain volumes in certain areas of the brain, particularly those involved in attention, impulse control, and executive functioning. Additionally, research has shown that individuals with ADHD may have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which can affect attention and behavior.

Environmental Factors

While genetics and neurological factors may contribute to the development of ADHD, environmental factors may also play a role. Exposure to toxins such as lead or prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco may increase the risk of developing ADHD. Additionally, research has shown that early childhood experiences, such as trauma or neglect, may also contribute to the development of ADHD.

Brain Injury or Trauma

In some cases, brain injury or trauma may also contribute to the development of ADHD. Studies have found that children who experience traumatic brain injury are more likely to develop ADHD, and that individuals who have had a concussion or head injury may also be at increased risk for developing the disorder.

Other Medical Conditions

Other medical conditions may also contribute to the development of ADHD. For example, individuals with certain neurological conditions, such as epilepsy or Tourette’s syndrome, may be more likely to develop ADHD. Additionally, individuals with sleep disorders or other medical conditions that affect brain function may also be at increased risk for developing the disorder.